Perry Benson Essays (279 words) - Culture, Stock Characters

Perry Benson Journal #3 Professor Brushaber Movie Analysis Breakfast Club https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkX8J-FKndE Stereotyping, one of the biggest and most important psychological concepts occurs even in the trailer for the breakfast club. When introducing the five major characters in the movie they are introduced as their respective stereotypes instead of by name. Brian the "brain" is accurately portrayed as a stereotypical nerd throughout the entirety of the movie and when is introduced in the trailer. Stereotypical nerds are seen as intelligent but physically awkward, with the inability to fit in socially, he is all these things. His license plate even reads EC = Mc2 and he acquires a fake ID just for the opportunity to vote. Jocks are stereotyped as athletes who are unintelligent, arrogant, and unkind but nevertheless popular within their own clique and hold high social status in the environment around them (school). Andrew is portrayed as unkind when he gives his reason for attending Saturday attention, but is obviously popular because he is associated with Claire who fits the stereotypes similarly as well. In the movie he is also often seen wearing his Letterman jacket which highlights his affiliation with sports. Fundamental Attribution Error https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOUQFY3kDn0 John Bender correctly falls under the FAE. The FAE is the tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences. Bender is harshly judged by his classmates without putting any thought into what his home life is like. In the movie it is later revealed he is treated poorly, constantly being verbally and physically abused, which is shown by the scars on his skin and how he talks about his mother and father. It is unfair to judge someone without knowledge of their home life, which his classmates do.

Postwar Women Essays - Gender Studies, Counterculture Of The 1960s

Postwar Women Essays - Gender Studies, Counterculture Of The 1960s Postwar Women Postwar Women World War Two has often been described as a turning point in the battle for equality between men and women. From the beginning, women were always struggling to gain status, respect, and rights in their society. Prior to World War Two, a woman's role in society was seen as someone who cooked, cleaned, and gave birth. The years during and following the war marked a turning point in the battle for equality. Women, for once, were being seen as individuals with capabilities outside the kitchen, and we're for the first time given a chance to prove themselves. On December 7, 1942, Pearl Harbor was bombed and FDR declared war. This marked the entry of the US into World War Two, a war which has been going on in Europe for almost 2 years prior. The start of World War II opened a new chapter in the lives of women living in America. From coast to coast, husbands, fathers, sons and brothers shipped out to fight in Europe. With the entry of the US and the absence of large quantities of men, the demand for supplies increased, and women were called out of the kitchen and into the workforce. Posters, banners, and jingles were all aspects that helped encourage women's entrance into the workforce. Millions marched into factories, offices, and military bases. The demand for labor was so great, that a poll taken that year showed that only 13% of the population opposed females entering the workforce. Women's occupations varied from war nurses and cooking for the army, to making bombs and making weapons. Other occupations flourished, as well. Women photographers, writers, and reports were for once given a chance. The war offered women opportunity never given to them before. The war has given women a chance to show what they can do in the world, and they have done well.(Craig,4). Women were given freedom and a chance to live the American dream. In 1910 till about 1940, women's employment rate was as low as only 13%. By June of 1942, females held 55% of all jobs. Nineteen million women were all employed by 1945. Women worked in fields that prior to the war seemed only suitable for men. They held positions such as manufactures of heavy machinery, to welders in a shipyard. This new employment opening also, for the first time, gave women a salary of their own. Women received better pay, improved and new skills, and the self-esteem that comes with receiving income, freedom, and opportunity. Women were given a chance to make their own decisions, without the advice of their husbands, brothers, or fathers. The financial situation was entirely up to them. They made and managed their monthly budgets, and decided where and how to spend their money. The war changed everybody's lives. You just bought everything. I was buying these fox furs and all of these things. I could just buy anything.(Craig,4) Also during the war, women were being admitted into Unions. They protected a women's wages and was the cause of it rising. Previously, a Union never protected female employees. Once they were admitted, the War Labor Board helped many of the changes to occur. Unions helped abolish an employers incentive to hire a female over a male, with the Equal pay for equal work. In addition, Unions helped provide protection and benefits of a job, and helped increase salaries. A documentary entitled The Life and Times of Rosie the Riverter, focused on five women whose lives changed due to the war. Lola Weixel, Margaret Wright, Lyn Childs, Gladys Belcher, and Wanita Allen, were women who were employed before the war, and then after. The document told of how prior to the war, they were employed at low paying, low skilled jobs, and were excluded from heavy industries. They were receiving such a small income, that they were all forced to rely on men for financial support. With the entrance of the war, their salaries, and their positions in the workforce all rose dramatically. The Allies' final push in the summer of 1945 brought World War II to a close. With the end of the war, came the pressure for females to return to where

American History Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Analysis - Assignment Example The assignment "American History Analysis" talks about the American history study that was captured by the ideas of President Eisenhower and General Marshall who noticed the ill-preparedness of the America’s military armed forces which led to the considerable loss. Fulfillment of the task of protecting the nation required the projection of the army’s preparation past the immediate prospect. They advocated for military preparedness through establishing and maintaining a good defense policy. Modern warfare requires proper planning if the war was to bring forth peace. They both noted the need for peace which was the main objective of the war or conflict. General Marshall came up with ideas which if implemented could help in their defense strategies. He supported President Washington’s program which was for the peace time training or the universal military training of the citizens. The essence of this training was to ensure that in the case of an emergency, the train ed citizens could be recalled to help in the forces. The idea behind this was to create employment opportunities to the trained citizens directly or indirectly in fields related to security. It was noted that technology could not be relied on solely in times of war as the machines required people to operate them. The Axis powers used the strategy of imposing an invisible unpleasant force to win any biased row and to their disadvantage brought out their weaknesses. Marshall also noted that there was a misunderstanding of military preparedness.

Management style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management style - Essay Example Tourism has been a main source of income for many countries. All such countries have set their strategies related to tourism. There are many factors which attract tourists. It includes attractive and beautiful sceneries, historical places and cultural attraction. But other things also influence the market flow of tourism including security, transports facilities in county and accommodation. If tourism business is well planned then it plays very important role in forming popularity of country and respectable image; plus it supports the country’s economy as well. That is why business tourism is an important factor to look upon. Therefore it should be well planned with good strategy. Tourist supply chain means all the people and factors which are involved in giving services and products to consumers (tourist). It involves all those services and factors which influence or run the business of tourism. Either they are direct or indirect they are the part of the supply chain. Private sector services are very important in tourism as they provide extra facilities to tourists and make the tourism plan complete. Private sectors are those sectors which are not run by the government. The main common services a private sector provides in tourism are such as tourist guides, travel agents, motels and accommodations, holiday packages and travel insurances. Government sectors are the main pillar of tourism business as it provides main base to the tourism of any country. They provide security, maintenance and care to tourist sites, make policies related to tourism and provide visa etc. Some government tourist sectors are national and regional tourist boards (NBTs and RBTs), tourist information centers (TIC), and visa and passport offices. Accommodation comes under both private and government sector programs as there are government funded motels and accommodations as well, which usually come under the national tourism schemes and other are private

Intercultural Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Paper - Essay Example This culture simply identifies itself with codes of conduct that promote love and respect with the main aim of maintaining modesty and purity. Institutions lead to the establishment of norms that support individual survival in a social setting. Stability and functionality of society depend upon roles and responsibilities that are created and defined by different institutions. However many societies may differ, they all have institutions that influence the culture or rather the way of life of individuals. Religious institutions for instance control behaviour and determine the actions of individuals. The religious institution that defines the Hindu culture comprises of various religious practices of which people are expected to abide by. Being the most dominant religion in India, the religion emphasizes with humility, respect, purity and modesty. There are various religious practices that promote these four doctrines. For instance, touching people’s feet is considered a sign of respect. Touch the feet of individuals who are considered to be holy is considered a sign of humility (WordPress, n.d). Hindus also consider i t a tradition to offer gifts to priests and gurus as a sign of appreciating the spiritual blessings they receive. Religious institutions in the Hindu Culture consider purity to be of great essence. Purity takes three forms: purity of body, purity of thoughts and purity of deeds. In their daily activities, Hindus protect this purity through following their religious codes of ethics and living wisely (Sharma, 2002). Religious offerings are usually given to deities from time to time. These offerings are usually in the form of food or flowers. Sniffing of offerings is not allowed based on the belief that sniffing is meant for the gods. All items that are intended to be offered for offerings are cleaned and covered as a sign of purity. Their temples and shrines are

The Forms Of Femininity In Shakespeare English Literature Essay

The Forms Of Femininity In Shakespeare English Literature Essay Many modern critics claim that Shakespeare was a pioneering feminist. Shapiro claimed that Shakespeare was the noblest feminist of them all (Shapiro,1994,p111). Whilst this claim is supported by various Shakespearean works, this essay will consider that whilst his works can be interpreted as displaying feminist attitudes, whether these females are punished for displaying this transgressive behaviour. Over the centuries various empires and societies, such as classical Rome and ancient Egypt, were been built upon the foundation of a patriarchal society. These societies were sustained through the oppression of women, as they were continually treated as second class citizens, which pushed women towards acts of rebellion when they felt particularly mistreated. These settings therefore made an excellent backdrop for Shakespeare to project the attitudes of a male-dominated seventeenth century society. This technique occurs throughout Shakespeares plays, but is particularly evident in Titus Andronicus, where Tamora is motivated to act against a patriarchal society by the restrictions that she is forced to adhere to. Her actions are then punished by further repression, depicting the infectiveness of her actions against the dominant patriarchal order. Antony and Cleopatra also illustrates this battle of femininity against a patriarchal society, using Romans once again to represent the domineering male force. Shakespeare allows both Antony and Cleopatra to break free from their stereotypical roles by inverting their genders, to create two characters that possess traits from both sexes; so they refuse to fit into their traditional roles. Lastly I will look at Gertrude in the Hamlet, where Shakespeare depicts the effects of one womans transgressive actions on the patriarchal order. To appreciate why the actions of women in these plays are so subversive, and to comprehend the reactions of the male characters in the plays, it is vital to understand the position of women in Shakespeares society. Despite that both of Shakespeares plays were not set in the seventeenth century, his depiction of women would have been influenced by the society in which he lived. The general view was that there was a hierarchy of genders, with males at the top, in Miltons words Not equal, as their sex not equal seemed (Milton, 2008, p41). Society established woman as weaker, inferior and in need of masculine guidance and this was voiced as firmly by women, as by men (Keeble,1994,106). This essay will portray how the female characters transgressed from their stereotypical roles, and consider how and more intriguingly, why, these characters were punished for their perceived transgression. Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra is believed to have been written in 1606 after a distinguished sequence of tragedies including Othello, King Lear and Macbeth (Farrell, 2004, p23). Shakespeare uses the play to consider the effects of a patriarchal society, and skilfully inverts gender roles so that it is the male, Antony, that is the victim. The patriarchal society of Rome expects Antony to only display his masculinity, and not to succumb to feminine qualities such as passion, feelings and love. When he develops a powerful love for Cleopatra, Antony is no longer able to abide by the stifling society, where the role of lover is considered inferior to a mans political responsibilities. The opening lines of the play demonstrates the rising disapproval of Antonys unconventional, or feminine, behaviour which is not confined within the measure of patriarchy, Nay but this dotage of our Generals / Oerflows the measure (Shakespeare, 2001,1.1.56). The males view Antonys dedication to Cleopatra as disgraceful, His captains heart become the bellows and the fan / To cool a gipsys lust (Shakespeare, 2001, 1.1.22). Antony also occasionally judges himself by these standards of patriarchy, such as at the end of the play where he is miserable and shamed by his reduced political power. He then becomes envious and irrational and claims that Cleopatra has emasculated him, O thy vile lady, / She has robbed me of my sword (Shakespeare, 2001, 4.14.2). Eventually Antony chooses love over political power, as Antony is not debased by his loss of power, but rather, through his love of Cleopatra develops a stronger sense of manhood, ran alternative masculinity(Woodbridge,1994,p34). However the reaction of the males within the Roman society shows that this feminine transgression is not suitable for a male in a patriarchal society. Whilst Antony displays feminine characteristics, Cleopatra transgresses her female role by exhibiting masculine virtues to counterbalance Antony and provide a relationship of surprising equality. Cleopatra, and the relationship, does not abide by the restrictions of a seventeenth century, patriarchal society. Their relationship blurs the roles of male and female by inverting gender roles, Cleopatra embraces masculine features, as Woodbridge states, Antony and Cleopatra can cross gender boundaries without losing their sex roles as man or woman (Woodbridge,1994,p45). This gender inversion is physically depicted in the scene where Cleopatra, wore his sword Philipan(Shakespeare, 2001, 2.5.30), this displays how Shakespeare clearly identifies masculine qualities within a female. Unlike many of Shakespeares female characters, Cleopatra dominates the play in terms of individual presence and theme. Also Shakespeare provided the audience with a real woman, as opposed to a stereotype, Velma Ri chmond claims further that in Cleopatra we can find Shakespeares finest embracing of the feminine(Richmond, 1991, p139). Cleopatra is a mixture of political prowess and sexual power; however this sexuality is condemned by the males in the play as she is referred to as a whore (Shakespeare, 2001, 1.1.1.32) and a strumpet (Shakespeare, 2001, 1.1.1.32) throughout the play. However this sexual power is presented positively on occasion, such as Enorbarbuss description of her: Age cannot wither her,   Nor custom stale her infinite variety. Other women cloy   The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. For vilest things   Become themselves in her, that the holy priests Bless she is riggish. (Shakespeare, 2001, 2.2.43). Cleopatra declines to obey to the stereotype of a woman created by a patriarchal society, and uses her natural sexuality to gain power rather than allow it to be detrimental to her character. She also is intent on accomplishing a political role, despite the objections of the patriarchal men. This is clearly depicted when Enoebarbus attempts to stop her from carrying out her political role, and Cleopatra responds in a furious tirade: A charge we bear ithwar, And as the president of my kingdom will Appear there for a man. Speak not against it. I will not stay behind (Shakespeare, 3.4.44) Cleopatra therefore forces her admittance into the male arena against the wishes of the patriarchal society. Obedience and silence were very much part of the patriarchal conception of femininity, a conception of which Cleopatra refuses to adhere to. She contrasts the traditional silent woman; Cleopatra ensures that her voice is heard. She mocks Antony and quarrels with him. Challenging him with a masculine aggression when they argue I would I had thine inches. Thou shouldst know/ There were a heart in Egypt(Shakespeare, 2001, 1.3.10). Spirited and passionate, such displays of assertion as her physical attack on the messenger informing her of Antonys marriage to Octavia are a far cry from the passive silent role of the feminine in patriarchal society. In passionate disbelief and anger, she draws a knife on the messenger and strikes him with her bare hands. Charmian tries to appease her by telling her Good madam keep yourself within yourself (Shakespeare, 2001, 2.5.55), but Cleopatra e scapes the bounds of self-composure and the repression of self-hood. Shakespeare uses Cleopatras death to portray her final act of disobedience against the patriarchal society, as she emphasizes her individual identity. Her death develops into a victory over Caesar, who symbolises patriarchal Rome, as when the guard is confronted with the sight of her death he exclaims Caesars beguiled(Shakespeare, 2001, 5.2.33). Cleopatras death allows her to rise above the repression of society; she embraces her death as positive rather than with sadness: My desolation does begin to make a better life . . . And it is great   To do that thing that ends all other deeds, Which shackles accidents and bolts up change (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.2.76) Even in death Cleopatra merges both feminine and masculine features, as she declares to take on male qualities of rationality and strength, I have nothing of woman in me. Now from head to foot/ I am marble constant (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.1.22). She chooses to reject the traditional feminine qualities of water and the changeability of the moon (Ott,2001,p21) and changes herself into air and fire (Shakespeare,2001, 5.1.43). Therefore she embraces masculinity and Rome by dying in the True Roman fashion (Ott,2001,p20). However Shakespeare is also able to illustrate her portrayal of the power of womanhood, by adapting the image of death into a portrait of sensuality and motherhood. The pain that she suffers is described as a lovers pinch (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.1.10) and the asp is depicted as a baby at my breast/That sucks the nurse asleep (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.1.9). Her death is so poignant that even Caesar, the symbol of patriarchy, acknowledges her valour and the irrefutable dignity of the woman who Took her own way (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.1.68). This representation of womanhood shows how Cleopatra transcends the stereotype of women in Shakespeares time. Despite that she meets her death at the end of the play; Shakespeare ensures that her mixture of masculine and femininity is ultimately respected by Caesar. She escapes punishment for displaying masculine traits, and hence transgressing her role of female, by having the power to take her own life. The respect shown by Caesar is perhaps Shakespeares own view, that this woman, who refuses to abide by the role that a patriarchal society has given her, should be admired. The description throughout the play of Cleopatra shows her in a strong and positive light In Titus Andronicus, the character Tamora does not abide by the role of a proper woman in a seventeenth century society. Tamora feels as though she has been ill-treated and repressed by the acts of a patriarchal society. Her actions in the play are an attempt to gain some kind of equality, however ultimately she meets her death as a consequence, perhaps proving the futility of such resistance in a male dominated landscape. The death of Tamoras son Arlarbus, we have performed/Our Roman rites: Alarbus limbs are lopped/And entrails feed the sacrificing fire (Shakespeare, 2001, 1.1.145) serves as the basis of the plot, as Tamora plots her revenge on Titus for this act of barbarity. However Tamora must establish herself within the patriarchal society to gain the necessary power to exact her revenge. This movement corresponds to the masculinisation of her character; as Lavinia says to her O Tamora, thou bearest a womans face, before being interrupted (Shakespeare, 2001. 2.2.135). This disruption of normative gender traits in part relates to the threat Tamora poses as a sexually experienced woman, compared to the submissive Lavinia. This factor, combined with her visibly feminine position as a mother, leads Titus to form his unique, cannibalistic strategy for revenge. The insult that Lavinia throws at Tamora is based upon the presumption of a binary system (Ott, 2001, p77). Lavinia is the obvious stereotypica l female; this is evident from the beginning of the play where she is the victim of a patriarchal struggle and the bargaining chip (Ott, 2001, p77) in a matrimonial dispute. Tamora contrasts Lavinia, in that she possesses the sexuality and body of a woman, but as revenge consumes her she abandons the restrictions placed upon her and transgresses her feminine role. Tamora and Lavinia serve as polar opposite representations of women, the active Tamora and the passive Lavinia. Shakespeare effectively gives a platform to question gender identity within the play: When agreed-upon identities or agreed-upon dialogic structures, through which already established identities are communicated, no longer constitute the theme or subject of politics, then identities can come into being and dissolve depending on the concrete practices that constitute them (Butler,2004, p28) This is relatable to Tamora as her character is a stereotypical woman that has been unhinged by her vengeful actions. The obedient identities, which come into being and dissolve(Butler, 2004,p28), rely upon the supposition of other characters; most strongly in the character of Tamora, as the volatile nature of her character is shown to be based upon her visual female features, and the performative expectations set upon her as a woman. According to Butlers theory the continuing violence and vengeance compromise the concrete practices that create identity. The incessant compliance to the female role shown by Lavinia, after her rape and maiming, seal her fate as she is killed by Titus at the end of the play. Whilst Tamoras choice to refuse the female role ensures that she meets a similarly grisly fate. Shakespeare uses both female characters as bodies on which he can project the power of a patriarchal society upon, as Tamoras rejection of it is contrasted to Lavinias acceptance of it. Tamoras clearest rejection of the patriarchal society is her sexual freedom, as Renaissance society viewed women as possessed of a powerful, potentially disruptive sexuality (Henderson, 1985, p66). An example of this disruptive power is when she gives birth to a child fathered by Aaron, the child is described as as loathsome as a toad/Amongst the fair-faced breeders of our clime, (Shakespeare, 2001, 4.2.59). This suggests that the child has a mixed ethnicity; her transgressive actions are damned by the patriarchal society: DEMETRIUS: By this our mother is for ever shamed. CHIRON: Rome will despise her for this foul escape. NURSE: The emperor in his rage will doom her death. (Shakespeare, 2001, 4.2.111) Society may have had a different reaction if Saturninus had been culpable of having a secret child, however as Tamora has shown her sexual freedom through her actions, she will be condemned. Her promiscuity marks her as a threat to the male controlled society as it signifies that she will not allow a man, or society to control her. Her control over men is demonstrated repeatedly as she manipulates Saturninus, Aaron and her sons. Her affair with Aaron is a direct attack against the oppression the Romans would attempt to force on her. Tamoras reaction to her newborn son is a fascinating example of female independence; she realizes the danger that giving birth to a mixed race, bastard child will place her in and she refuses to be caught in this trap. Tamora instead opts to save herself, by sacrificing her child, The empress sends it thee, thy stamp, thy seal/ And bids thee christen it with thy daggers point (Shakespeare, 2001,4.2.61); while this action seems cruel and heartless it is st ill a self-governing move. Women were expected to be wives and mothers, and a womans child should be her most cherished possession In Titus Andronicus Shakespeare uses both of the main females bodies as physical metaphors for the dominance of males in society. Lavinias body is used as an inscriptive site; Titus asks Saturninus Was it well done of rash Virginius/To slay his own daughter with his own right hand/Because she was enforced, stained and deflowered? (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.3.25) before carrying out the duty of Roman patriarchy. The laws of men are written upon Lavinia, with her stumps, disfigured mouth and knife wounds. Tamoras body effectively transforms into a vessel, as when she dies her stomach is filled with her sons remains, the punishment that Titus finds compulsory for transgressing against the patriarchal law. Whilst Tamora is punished harshly for her transgression, Lavinia also suffers despite fulfilling her role. In Shakespeares Hamlet, there are two main female characters. Ophelia embodies femininity, as she obeys the patriarchal society that cares for her and flourishes within its strict boundaries. Gertrude juxtaposes Ophelia, as Shakespeare uses the same technique found in Titus Andronicus, whereby he uses Tamora and Lavinia as a binary pair to highlight the effect of patriarchy on both the passive and active. Gertrude is negating to the traditional standard of femininity, her rejection of her gender role eventually leads to the collapse of the patriarchal ordered power structure as well as her own demise. Ophelia is shown to be willing to comply to the patriarchal society, for example when Polonius instructs her not to see Hamlet anymore, she replies I shall obey, my lord, (Shakespeare, 2003, 1.3.139). Gertrude contrasts her attitude and defies the expectations of her role as a woman; she is not admired for her beauty, and most importantly she does not attempt to hide her sexuality. When she marries Claudius, Hamlet accuses her of living in in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed (Shakespeare, 2003, 3.5.91). Whilst Gertude may be hurt by these words, she does not deny his accusation. She recognises her identity and does not attempt to lie and conform to what society and Hamlet wants her to be. Gertrude shows more transgression from her feminine role as she rebels against religion by marrying her own brother as this was considered incestuous as Claudius marries his sometime sister. Gertrude is duly punished for her transgressive actions at the end of the play ,as she insists upon drinking poisoned wine despite her husband informing her do not drink(Shakespeare, 2003,5.3.122). It is fitting that her final act of defiance leads to her downfall. She falls dead, revealing Claudius plan and assuring his death. Her disobedience is responsible for causing the death of the king and the collapse of the patriarchal hierarchy. Because of her powerful political position, Gertrudes refusal of her prescribed role has grave consequences. The patriarchal nature of the social order emphasizes and rewards the obedience of women. Butlers theory can again be applied to Ophelia, as she commits suicide when she loses her father, as he is the source of both order and authority. Her identity dissolves when he is gone as his patriarchal views where the concrete in her life, and her personality. Gertrude meets her death as she refuses to bow to authority. She transgresses from her role as a woman by rejecting it and openly exuding her sexuality, similarly to both Tamora and Cleopatra, and is punished for her continued disobedience when she accidentally poisoned. Shakespeares punishment of female transgression is a complex subject to surmise. Whilst the three transgressive female characters in the three plays all meet their death, and hence can be considered to be punished by Shakespeare for transgressing their feminine role, it is not that black and white. Cleopatras death differs from both Tamora and Gertrudes death as she retains the power that she exhibits throughout the play, by taking her own life. Whilst Tamora and Gertrude are punished for transgressing their female role, Cleopatra escapes this fate Caesar, and shows respect for the woman who Took her own way (Shakespeare, 2001, 5.1.68). This could be construed as Shakespeare implying that women should not be chastised for not conforming to the standard female role, but instead be respected. This creates an intriguing dilemma when reading Hamlet and Titus Andronicus as Tamora and Gertrude deaths are not of their own will, and it can be interpreted is their punishment by society for th eir overt sexuality and disobedience to the patriarchal order. However both women are joined in death by their polar opposites in Ophelia and Lavinia, two women who complied implicitly with the rules of society, and fulfilled their expected role. This essay has considered that by applying Butlers theory, it can be concluded it is because of Tamora and Gertrudes transgression that women who obey society are harmed when it is brought down by others. This makes the two women culpable for their deaths, and adds another dimension to the debate as these women have been punished, yet they did not transgress from their prescribed role. This leads me to conclude that whilst some critics may laud Shakespeare as the first feminist, his ultimate stance is one of confusion. Whilst Cleopatra is presented as a woman able to embody both male and female attributes, she ultimately dies, even though it is by her own hand. Tamora and Gertrude also meet their death for transgressing their role; hence my conclusion is that Shakespeare displays the punishment of these women to show that their society is not ready to accept a woman like Cleopatra who is shown to be equal to man, as seventeenth century society is still stuck in the same rigid, patria rchal power structure as depicted in ancient Egypt. His presentation of her is undeniably one of admiration, which leads me to conclude that his punishment of women, innocent or guilty of transgression, is a depiction of a society not yet ready for a trasngressive woman, equal to man and that in seventeenth century society Women who comply with the social order are lost without it; those who defy it can know no other fortune than to be lost within it( Dollimore, 2003, p211).

On Explanation: Aristotelean and Hempelean :: History Science Scientific Papers

On Explanation: Aristotelean and Hempelean ABSTRACT: Given the great historical distance between scientific explanation as Aristotle and Hempel saw it, I examine and appraise important similarities and differences between the two approaches, especially the inclination to take deduction itself as the very model of scientific knowledge. I argue that we have good reasons to reject this inclination. In his recent studies showing Galileo's knowledge of and adherence to the deductive standards of explanation in science set forth by Aristotle, Wallace (1) remarks that this Aristotelean theory must not be confused with the contemporary deductive-nomological theory of Hempel and Oppenheim. (2) There are, of course, important differences between the classic works of Aristotle and Hempel, for twenty-three centuries lie between them. But the differences are not as great as might be expected, and, as current discussions of the metatheoretical issues of explanation are generally ahistorical, I believe an attempt to compare these two intellectual mileposts in our understanding of scientific method should prove useful. The most obvious and interesting similarities between the two metatheories of science lie in their deductive character, and this is where their significant contrasts lie as well. Aristotle had developed two major deductive systems: the hypothetical and categorical syllogisms. Of these, he thought only the latter suitable to the demanding rigors of scientific knowledge, whose first characteristics he saw to be 'certainty' and 'necessity'. (3) There are some problematic elements in just what Aristotle took these concepts to mean, but I postpone discussion of that to a later stage. The categorical syllogism, preferably in the familiar "Barbara" of the first figure of the first mood, Aristotle sees to be the ideal supplier of both the certainty and the necessity, with the scientific conclusion being the conclusion of the syllogism. Like Hempel and Oppenheim, he insists that the premises be true, from which it is evident that the conclusion could not fail to be certainly and necessarily true. The syllogism itself, as an argument, then stands as an explanation. Inasmuch as the deductive system of the categorical syllogism can be seen now to be a significant subset of the first-order predicate calculus, which is the deductive system prescribed by Hempel and Oppenheim, the difference between the deductive requirements of the two metatheories is really only that of the greater scope, power, and elegance of the more recent logic. But it remained for Hempel and Oppenheim to point out the

Of Mice and Men Essay

The action comes full circle as George destroys Lennie at the end of the novel. Steinbeck purposely wrote the novel so that it could be turned into a play. Each chapter starts with the description of a scene; the characters come in, speak and then go off as they would in a play. The story is set in 1930’s America. It was written in 1937. America and Particularly California was the land of opportunity. It was believed that any person could make their fortune and achieve success by working hard. This was called ‘The American Dream’ and is what Lennie, George and later on in the film Candy hoped to achieve. This was the America that Steinbeck knew of and experienced this kind of life, because he was alive at this time. ‘The American Dream’ was destroyed by the depression of the 1930’s. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 when the stock markets collapsed triggered this and thousands of people lost everything they had. Hardly anyone could find work easily and many people were driven to become workers travelling from place to place not getting much money, like George and Lennie. Other problems of that time were that farming was easier, they used combine harvesters and other machinery, and so fewer men were needed to do the same jobs. Poor farming methods of that time meant that thousands of acres of farmland dried up rapidly, and became dry deserts. The landscape in the new film reflects the reality of the landscape more clearly and the viewers understood what it was like by watching it. There have been three film versions of the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’. Now I will compare the two film versions. Both versions are very effective and brilliant techniques have been used. The older version was made for television, it is episodic, and the new one is in film version. The new film contains well-known actors. Gary Sinise and John Malkovich, this makes more people want to watch it. In the new film we see no action until the titles have finished, which is more effective. In the opening of the new film the camera crosscuts between long shots and close-ups during the chase to highlight the danger. They focus on George and Lennie a bit more than they do with other characters at the beginning. I think they do this so the viewers realise who the main characters are and can get to know them. There are close-ups in Aunt Clara’s house. Lennie is given a big piece of pie and George gets a small piece. Lennie is shown as being a big kid. In the 1992 version there close-up shots of the men’s faces on the train, we see their relief of escaping. They are safe. You hear the sound of the train as the white writing comes down over the black screen. This is very effective and makes you want to keep watching. The train scene is not actually used in the text. The director has added this to make his film more interesting and effective. The lighting in both versions of the novel were quite natural, no use of fake lighting. The director does this to make it more realistic. In the new version of the film the scene changing is very effective. The music in the opening of the old version is varied; it is played on a flute to give a pleasant and optimistic feeling. It becomes intense as the action picks up. This is to reflect the danger and the fear of Lennie and George as they are running. George doesn’t want to take care of Lennie anymore and he plans to leave him. When he does this the music becomes quieter. It reflects what’s happening in the plot. In the 1992 film version the music is more dramatic. It keeps you in suspense and is more atmospheric. It starts with piano music and then the sound of the train comes in. They do this to make the opening more effective and attention grabbing. The costumes are more or less the same in both versions of the film. They are ragged and dirty. George and Lennie have cravats tied around their necks, and hats. When George and Lennie go to visit Aunt Clara in the old version of the film, Lennie repeats George when presented to Aunt Clara. â€Å"Yes mam†. The director has added this scene into the old version. In the novel the only time she appears is in Lennie’s imagination. This scene has been included to put Lennie into context; it gives him a background, and shows that he has always been looked after and that the people who know him still treat him like a baby. It also serves to highlight Lennie’s reliance on George. As an audience we feel really sorry for Lennie when George tricked him to try and free himself from responsibility of looking out for Lennie. Lennie is more childish in the new film. You feel more sympathy for him in the old version. In the 1981 version of the film Curley’s wife is portrayed as a bit of a tart, her dressed are tight fitting and she wears lots of makeup. In the scene when she is murdered, she is wearing a tight fitting, black knee length dress with a flower on it. Black represents experience. She has bright red shoes and red earrings. The description of her in the novel is more or less the same as the way she is presented in the films. In the newer version she is wearing a white dress. This represents innocence. She speaks quietly and is quite flirtatious; she is attentive when Lennie is speaking to her. When Lennie murders her, she screams a lot and is more dramatic in the new film. This draws attention to the viewer and gives a slight chill. The men are outside playing their game, they are so near, yet they don’t hear her screaming or come to help. It makes it more sinister. When Lennie and Curley’s wife are talking in the old film, Lennie doesn’t listen to her much and interrupts, but in the newer version he sits and looks like he understands and he listens to her carefully. This makes the audience feel sorry for Lennie in a way because he acts like a big baby. He interrupts and talks about his things and doesn’t listen to what Curley’s wife is saying. Also, it gives a slight chill because one minute Lennie is being nice to Curley’s wife and the next, he kills her. Curley’s wife becomes very flirtatious and asks Lennie to stroke her hair. This all leads to the murder. He enjoys this and she looks like she enjoys it. She is more excited in the newer version, there is heavy breathing and she shows that she likes it a lot. Lennie stares at her a lot and there are lots of close-ups of this. In the older version when Lennie kills her, you see the close-up of his hand over her mouth. The camera switches from a low angle shot of her feet to a close up of her face where we see the fear in her eyes and then the camera goes back to her feet where one of her shoes fall off. This is very effective because we see just enough of her eyes to see how scared she is. Then there is the very sad and final indignity where she loses her shoe in death and she has been so proud of her appearance. Then the episode ends to create suspense. The newer version is much closer to the novel. There are only long and mid-shots of Lennie holding her enough to break her neck. There is quiet music up until Lennie starts becoming fierce. The music is more dramatic and brings an atmosphere. The volume increases to show that it’s important. It keeps the audience hooked. In the older version there is slow haunting music when she dies. This makes it creepy for the viewer.

Various Security Examples Example

Various Security Examples Example Various Security Examples – Coursework Example Telecommunications based on intrusion, firewalls, routers protection or detection systems. Examples of these networking models are the Open Systems Interconnect and the Transmission Control Protocol models (Lambo, 2006). The Transmission Control Protocol entails a core internet protocol which ensures reliable delivery mechanisms through the internet. Application security entails the approaches utilized in the code’s life cycle in order to prevent security gaps in security policy of applications, and the underlying system, through errors in design, development, upgrade, maintenance and deployment of the application. Application controls mind of the resources given to them. Therefore, they determine the utilization of the resources by application’s users through application security. Web Application Security Consortium and Open Web Application Security Project; provide updates concerning the latest threat which negatively affects the web based applications. This guides t he developers, security architects and testers; in focusing on mitigation strategy and superior design (Allen, 2001). Operations security ensures security of information assets found in the computer or directly related to the computing environment. Operations security is seen as the heart of the information security. This is because it controls the approaches of controlling and processing data (Dhillon, 2007). Information security programs which are complete must have adequate controls designed to ensure adequate levels of security. Hardware control, resource protection and privileged entity controls are significant aspects of operations controls. The operations control must provide consistency throughout the entire processes and applications. References Allen, H. (2001). The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.Dhillon, G. (2007). Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases. NY: John Wiley & Sons.Lambo, T. (November, 2006) , "ISO/IEC 27001: The future of infosec certification", ISSA Journal.William, S. (2007). Network security essentials: applications and standards. London: Prentice Hall.

Industrial Revolution and Contributions Essays

Industrial Revolution and Contributions Essays Industrial Revolution and Contributions Essay Industrial Revolution and Contributions Essay 3. Discuss the causes of the Industrial Revolution from 1865-1895. Be specific in explaining how each point you make affected the economy. There were many factors that contributed to the industrial revolution. Money were popping up from a variety of different sources so business can expand, mining added silver and gold to bank reserves, investments from profits helped to stimulate the economy, and small investors started to invest in stocks because they thought it would help them get rich quicker Inventions played a key fact because there were new technology, and science that added to the industrial revolution. Issaic Singer patented the sewing machine and revolutionized textile. The Typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes, helped revolutionize business, following that the carbon paper was created in 1872, and then sold his patent to Remington Arms Company. Alexander Bell studied throat and voice, experimented by sending sounds over wires, and sent his first telephone message from Boston to NY, and the National Bell Telephone Company was formed, now called ATT. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb and founded Edison electric illuminating company with backing by J. P Morgan, General Electric GE, the forerunner hich Edison created with Morgans Financial assistance, then went on to create the phonograph, and the movie camera with 1,093 patents. Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steal industry, (The Gospel of Wealth- unrestricted capitalism as best for everyone because it asserted work ethic and progress) the classic rags to riches applied to him, his investments turned him into operating the largest steel company in the world, the Bessemer process converted iron into steel expanded production, created by Henry Bessemer, this process made steel not only stronger but at a cheaper rate. Transportation was also a big part of the industrial revolution. Cornelius Vanderbilt expanded railroad and steamship lines in the US, the transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, The central pacific built it from the west to the east, while the Union Pacific was from the East to the West. Railroads stimulated other industries like steel, consuming %s of it. Ships were converted from sail to steam power during the 19th century, which cut the time in half getting across the Atlantic. Cheaper labor, an abundant supply of low paid urban workers helped the industrial revolution, farmers moved into the cities, and hey found additional land ard to get so their income was not expanded. Nearly 20 million immigrants arrived in America and provided cheap labor. They tended to have less money and education than earlier European immigrants so they remained in larger cities and likely became cheap industrial labor. A high natural birth rate also added to the cheap labor supply, the lack of knowledge about birth control, as well as poor uneducated immigrants who didnt know how to obtain it contributed to increase of birth. The first birth control clinic opened in new York city by Margaret Sanger There were many factors that contributed to the industrial revolution. Money was popplng up Trom a varlety 0T OITTerent sources so Duslness can expand, mlnlng added to the industrial revolution. Issaic Singer invented the sewing machine NO and revolutionized textile. The Typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes, helped then sold his patent to Remington Arms Company. WHAT ROLES DID BELL AND EDISON PLAY Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steal industry, the classic rags to riches applied to him, his investments turned him into operating the largest steel company in the world, the Bessemer process converted iron into steel expanded production, GOOD created by Henry Bessemer, this process made steel not only stronger but at a cheaper rate. power during the 19th century which cut the time in half getting across the Atlantic. THIS IS GOOD AS FAR AS IT GOES BUT YOU OMIT MANY IMPORTANT THINGS LIKE CHEAP LABOR. I THINK YOU WILL HAVE TIME TO WRITE A LOT MORE IN 75 MINUTES. 2. Discuss the reasons for the rapid settlement of the West from 1865-1895 and the impact of that settlement on the U. S. economy and on the people of the West, especially native Americans. People were moving to the west to seek new opportunities in farming, mining, anching and business. The forty-Niners migrated to California where a major discovery of Gold was found. Some found a fortune in silver mining in the Nevada area. The Comstock Lode produced about 400 million in silver and Gold. Iron mining grew and became a demand for production of steel. Copper was in greater demand than Iron because the electrical industry was growing and needed copper for wiring. Oil was discovered and became important for fuel and lubricant. The Native American Indian Policy was approached by Sherman with win at all cost determination that he had done during the Civil War.

Barriers in Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barriers in Communication - Essay Example These set of barriers refers to the environmental elements that hinder individuals’ ability to convey and/or receive information as originally intended. The fact of the matter is that communication messages, however skillfully imparted, are at the mercy of a barrage of physical blocks that includes faulty communication gadgets, noise, distances between the sender and the receiver, the speaker’s mannerisms, time, climate, the listeners’ sitting posture, drop-in visitors, walls, among many more physical factors (Keyton, 2011). Noteworthy, some of the physical distractions can be anticipated, and thus can be eliminated through appropriate timing and/or choosing suitable surrounding devoid of such distractions. Early preparations which include but not limited to finding a setting that permits concentration on message delivery, removing/turning off gargets such as cell phones in the presentation vicinity, ensuring speakers/microphones are properly working for audible sounds, making prior sitting arrangements, and respecting boundaries of others by not interrupting while they speak, are but a few tips of overcoming physical barriers to communication (Wood 2010). The semantic barrier in communication simply refers to the usage of words or word-combinations that have more than single meanings, which are subsequently taken out of context by the receiver (Lunenburg, 2010). Accuracy of messages conveyed is related to the connotative and denotative meanings of words; for words, depending on circumstances, may mean different things to different people. Executing communication free from language barriers demands proper communication skills; that is, first assessing the language and communication needs of the target audience and subsequently being sensitive to their points of view. Use of direct, simple, common and popular vocabulary away from

Introduction to People, Organisation and Management Assignment

Introduction to People, Organisation and Management - Assignment Example Thus, it won 50 PC Game of Year awards. IN 1998, the game was published originally on Windows in 1998; then at Playstation 2 during 2001 and lastly at Linux & Mac OS X during the middle of 2013. Steam, the online distribution service of Valve, helped the games to be released in these particular platforms. Steam has enabled the gaming platform to connect to millions of people globally. According to the records, the company employed about 300 employees in 2012. Despite the success of the video games, the company has encountered issues pertaining to its organisational structure and decentralization (Belbin, 2010). The main aim of the report is to elaborate how Valve Corporation survived without leadership of managers. Valve Corporation adopts flat structure in order to avoid or reduce obstacle between its employees and customers. It is observed that flat organisational structure is useful for companies to provide freedom of practicing new technologies without thinking about technological failure. The justification for choosing these issues for the report is that flat organisational structure is threatened by high level of risk. It is observed that the company has committed innumerable mistakes by adopting the flat structure for its organisation. Additionally, it has been noticed that the company has no leaders who will communicate the information to its employees and direct them to do a particular task (Dawson and Andriopoulos, 2014). Thus, the company has failed to develop mentors or guides for its employees and thus it has given rise to informal mentoring which is another big problem for Valve. Informal mentoring leads to weak decision making which may harm the reputation of the company. An organization is defined as a social arrangement of human and capital resource which is controlled for achieving a set of collective goal. The human resource here refers to